山东理工大学学报（自然科学版）

美国提供了当前最大规模的空间目标轨道数据，并以TLE(Two Line Element)格式在网站上供全球用户下载。TLE数据作为空间态势感知领域的基础数据，对其精度研究较多，但时效性研究相对缺乏。基于2024年1月至2025年1月的公开TLE数据，本文分析了不同轨道空间目标的更新频率，研究发现：低轨卫星平均更新间隔为0.524 d,中轨卫星为0.950 d,高轨非同步卫星为1.262 d,呈显著正相关；同步轨道卫星尽管位于高轨，但平均更新间隔(0.760 d)较短；4种导航系统卫星更新频率存在差异，GLONASS(0.857 d)和GPS(0.958 d)高于北斗(0.981 d)和Galileo(1.597 d)。研究结果表明，美国空间监测系统对不同轨道目标的监测能力存在差异，这对评估其空间态势感知能力具有重要参考价值。

The United States provides the largest collection of orbital data for space objects in TLE(Two Line Element) format, available for global users to download. As fundamental data for space situational awareness research, it is significant to analyze TLE data update frequency for evaluating its space surveillance capabilities, however, research on its timeliness remains relatively insufficient. Based on public TLE data from January 2024 to January 2025, this study systematically analyzes the update frequency and statistical characteristics of space objects at different orbital altitudes. The study finds that the average update interval for Low Earth Orbit satellites is 0.524 d, for Medium Earth Orbit satellites is 0.950 d, and for High Orbit Non-synchronous Satellites is 1.262 d, showing a significant positive correlation with orbit attitude. Although geosynchronous satellites are in high orbit, their average update interval is significantly shorter(0.760 d). The update frequencies of the four major navigation satellite systems show significant differences: GLONASS(0.857 d) and GPS(0.958 d) have higher update frequency than Beidou(0.981 d) and Galileo(1.597 d). The results indicate that the US space surveillance system has varying monitoring capabilities for objects in different orbits, which is of significant reference value for evaluating its space situational awareness capacity.